See defii on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"défier",
"défier#French"
],
[
"defy",
"defy#English"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "eo",
"2": ":bor<conj:and>",
"3": "fr:défier",
"4": "en:defy",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"French\", \"term\" : \"défier\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"fr\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"defy\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"en\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Esperanto\", \"term\" : \"defii\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"eo\" }\" data-lang=\"eo\" data-title=\"defii\">\nBorrowed from French défier and English defy.",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "eo",
"2": ":bor<conj:and>",
"3": "fr:défier",
"4": "en:defy",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from French défier and English defy.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from French défier and English defy.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "defias",
"tags": [
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defiis",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "defios",
"tags": [
"future"
]
},
{
"form": "defius",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "defiu",
"tags": [
"volitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "eo-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "defias",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defiis",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "defios",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future"
]
},
{
"form": "defianta",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"participle",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiantaj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"participle",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defiinta",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"participle",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiintaj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"participle",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defionta",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"participle",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiontaj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"participle",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defiantan",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"active",
"participle",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiantajn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"active",
"participle",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defiintan",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"active",
"participle",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiintajn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"active",
"participle",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defiontan",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"active",
"future",
"participle",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiontajn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"active",
"future",
"participle",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defiata",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"passive",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiataj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"passive",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defiita",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"passive",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiitaj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"passive",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defiota",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"participle",
"passive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiotaj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"participle",
"passive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defiatan",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"participle",
"passive",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiatajn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"participle",
"passive",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defiitan",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"participle",
"passive",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiitajn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"participle",
"passive",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defiotan",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"future",
"participle",
"passive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiotajn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"future",
"participle",
"passive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defianto",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiantoj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defiinto",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiintoj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defionto",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiontoj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defianton",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"active",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiantojn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"active",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defiinton",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"active",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiintojn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"active",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defionton",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"active",
"future",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiontojn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"active",
"future",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defiato",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"passive",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiatoj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"passive",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defiito",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"passive",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiitoj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"passive",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defioto",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"passive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiotoj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"passive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defiaton",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"passive",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiatojn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"passive",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defiiton",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"passive",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiitojn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"passive",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defioton",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"future",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"passive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiotojn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"future",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"passive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defiante",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"adverbial",
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defiinte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"adverbial",
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "defionte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"adverbial",
"future",
"participle"
]
},
{
"form": "defiate",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"adverbial",
"participle",
"passive",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defiite",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"adverbial",
"participle",
"passive",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "defiote",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"adverbial",
"future",
"participle",
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "defii",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defiu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defius",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"future",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "defii (present defias, past defiis, future defios, conditional defius, volitive defiu)",
"name": "eo-head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"de‧fi‧i"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"de‧fi‧i"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "eo-conj"
}
],
"lang": "Esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Esperanto 9OA",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Esperanto entries referencing missing etymons",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Esperanto entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Esperanto entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Esperanto entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Words approved by the Akademio de Esperanto",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "defio"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to challenge someone (to a fight, competition, debate, etc.)"
],
"id": "en-defii-eo-verb-MLwQY9Cy",
"links": [
[
"challenge",
"challenge"
],
[
"fight",
"fight"
],
[
"competition",
"competition"
],
[
"debate",
"debate"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) to challenge someone (to a fight, competition, debate, etc.)"
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/deˈfii/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ii"
}
],
"word": "defii"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "defio"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"défier",
"défier#French"
],
[
"defy",
"defy#English"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "eo",
"2": ":bor<conj:and>",
"3": "fr:défier",
"4": "en:defy",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"French\", \"term\" : \"défier\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"fr\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"defy\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"en\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Esperanto\", \"term\" : \"defii\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"eo\" }\" data-lang=\"eo\" data-title=\"defii\">\nBorrowed from French défier and English defy.",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "eo",
"2": ":bor<conj:and>",
"3": "fr:défier",
"4": "en:defy",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from French défier and English defy.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from French défier and English defy.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "defias",
"tags": [
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defiis",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "defios",
"tags": [
"future"
]
},
{
"form": "defius",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "defiu",
"tags": [
"volitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "eo-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "defias",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defiis",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "defios",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future"
]
},
{
"form": "defianta",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"participle",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiantaj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"participle",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defiinta",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"participle",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiintaj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"participle",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defionta",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"participle",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiontaj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"participle",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defiantan",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"active",
"participle",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiantajn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"active",
"participle",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defiintan",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"active",
"participle",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiintajn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"active",
"participle",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defiontan",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"active",
"future",
"participle",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiontajn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"active",
"future",
"participle",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defiata",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"passive",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiataj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"passive",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defiita",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"passive",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiitaj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"passive",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defiota",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"participle",
"passive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiotaj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"participle",
"passive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defiatan",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"participle",
"passive",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiatajn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"participle",
"passive",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defiitan",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"participle",
"passive",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiitajn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"participle",
"passive",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defiotan",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"future",
"participle",
"passive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiotajn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"future",
"participle",
"passive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defianto",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiantoj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defiinto",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiintoj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defionto",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiontoj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defianton",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"active",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiantojn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"active",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defiinton",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"active",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiintojn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"active",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defionton",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"active",
"future",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiontojn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"active",
"future",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defiato",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"passive",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiatoj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"passive",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defiito",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"passive",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiitoj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"passive",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defioto",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"passive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiotoj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"passive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defiaton",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"passive",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiatojn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"passive",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defiiton",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"passive",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiitojn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"passive",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defioton",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"future",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"passive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defiotojn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"future",
"noun-from-verb",
"participle",
"passive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defiante",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"adverbial",
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defiinte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"adverbial",
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "defionte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"active",
"adverbial",
"future",
"participle"
]
},
{
"form": "defiate",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"adverbial",
"participle",
"passive",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defiite",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"adverbial",
"participle",
"passive",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "defiote",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"adverbial",
"future",
"participle",
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "defii",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defiu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defius",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"future",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "defii (present defias, past defiis, future defios, conditional defius, volitive defiu)",
"name": "eo-head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"de‧fi‧i"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"de‧fi‧i"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "eo-conj"
}
],
"lang": "Esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Esperanto 3-syllable words",
"Esperanto 9OA",
"Esperanto entries referencing missing etymons",
"Esperanto entries with etymology texts",
"Esperanto entries with etymon",
"Esperanto entries with incorrect language header",
"Esperanto lemmas",
"Esperanto terms borrowed from English",
"Esperanto terms borrowed from French",
"Esperanto terms derived from English",
"Esperanto terms derived from French",
"Esperanto terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Esperanto terms with audio pronunciation",
"Esperanto transitive verbs",
"Esperanto verbs",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon",
"Rhymes:Esperanto/ii",
"Rhymes:Esperanto/ii/3 syllables",
"Words approved by the Akademio de Esperanto"
],
"glosses": [
"to challenge someone (to a fight, competition, debate, etc.)"
],
"links": [
[
"challenge",
"challenge"
],
[
"fight",
"fight"
],
[
"competition",
"competition"
],
[
"debate",
"debate"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) to challenge someone (to a fight, competition, debate, etc.)"
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/deˈfii/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ii"
}
],
"word": "defii"
}
Download raw JSONL data for defii meaning in All languages combined (9.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-10-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-10-01 using wiktextract (c1bb342 and 6f96ddf). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.